FRUITFLYRISKMANAGE: A Euphresco project for <i>Ceratitis capitata</i> Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) risk management applied in some European countries

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the Mediterranean fruit fly or medfly, is one of world's most serious threats to fresh fruits. It highly polyphagous (recorded from over 300 hosts) and capable adapting a wide range climates. This pest has spread EPPO region mainly present in southern part, damaging Citrus Prunus. In Northern Central Europe records refer interceptions short-lived adventive populations only. Sustainable programs for surveillance, assessment using models control strategies pests such as C. represent major plant health challenge all countries Europe. article includes review distribution monitoring techniques 11 region. work compiles information that was crucial better understanding occurrence contributes identifying areas susceptible potential invasion establishment. The key outputs results obtained Euphresco project included knowledge transfer about early detection tools methods used different monitoring. A MaxEnt software model resulted risk maps climatic regions. an important tool help decision making develop actions against this partner countries. la mouche méditerranéenne des fruits, est l'une menaces les plus sérieuses au monde pour fruits frais. Elle très polyphage (plus de hôtes signalés) et s'adapter à une grande diversité climats. Ce ravageur s'est disséminé jusqu'à région OEPP, principalement présent dans partie sud, endommageant En du Nord ou centrale, signalements ne concernent que incursions. Des programmes durables d'évaluation dissémination l'aide modèles stratégies lutte contre organismes nuisibles tels capitata, représentent un défi phytosanitaire majeur tous pays d'Europe. Cet comprend revue répartition géographique surveillance l'OEPP. travail compile informations cruciales meilleure compréhension sa présence contribue identifier zones potentielles d'incursion d'établissement. Les principales productions résultats obtenus le cadre projet comprennent transfert connaissances sur outils méthodes détection précoce utilisés différents capitata. Un modèle réalisé partir logiciel permis d'établir cartes risque différentes régions climatiques. Il s'agit d'un outil aider prise décision développement d'actions ce partenaires. средиземноморская плодовая муха, является одной из самых серьезных мировых угроз для свежих плодов. Она отличается высокой полифагией (отмечено более хозяев) и способна адаптироваться к широкому диапазону климатических условий. Этот вредный организм распространился в регионе ЕОКЗР присутствует основном южной его части, повреждая растения родов В северной центральной Европе регистрируются только выявления грузах или первичные недолговечные очаги. Стабильные программы надзора, оценки распространения с использованием моделей стратегии борьбы такими вредными организмами, как представляют собой серьезный фитосанитарный вызов всех стран Европе. Статья включает обзор вредного организма мониторинга странах региона ЕОКЗР. работе собрана информация, имевшая решающее значение лучшего понимания присутствия способствующая определению зон, подверженных риску потенциальной инвазии акклиматизации. Основные выводы результаты, полученные рамках проекта Euphresco, включали передачу знаний о средствах раннего методах, используемых разных этого организма. С помощью были составлены карты риска различных регионах. Это важный инструмент принятия решений разработки действий по борьбе этим вредным организмом странах-партнерах. also known destructive pests. species recorded hosts, belonging 70 families, worldwide it adapt climates (EPPO, 2022; Lopes al., 2006; White & Elson-Harris, 1992). because cosmopolitan multivoltine, standing out other due its high invasive potential. Diamantidis al. (2009) showed have evolved resulting life-history under environmental conditions. Resistance effects climate stress, demography, population fluctuations number annual generations differ according situation local bioclimatic conditions (Nyamukondiwa 2013). medfly occurs during year, where allows, maturation (Copeland 2002; Yuval Hendrichs, 2000). Its dispersive capabilities allow find with levels available (Bateman, 1972, 1976). Sub-Saharan African origin (probably Eastern Southern Africa). From Africa first Basin then parts world (Ruiz-Arce 2020). addition direct impact, quarantine many therefore can affect export fruit. part Europe, particularly on been but only limited populations. implementation measures are among greatest challenges any country protect agricultural production. For purpose, comprehensive occurrence, both spatial temporal terms, understand current historical extent survival An ecology very management pest. Reliable depend investigating abundance, testing effective means. Monitoring abundance reliable know level be implement (Abreu, 2019). Emphasis placed implementing safer mass trapping (Díaz-Fleischer 2014; Pinero 2009). Biotechnical capture lead valuable reduce mating practice, consequently decrease adult damage losses Mass should considered alternative chemical treatments does not leave insecticide residues applicators environment (Hafsi Several studies shown efficacy selectivity strongly female choice, especially quality food-based bait formulations (Broumas Epsky Heath, 1998). Some same avoid outbreak (Navarro-Llopis 2010, 2011). Previous support use adequate manage by types traps attractants. gave greater effectiveness terms captures efficient (Lopes 2006, 2008, 2011; Pimentel 2014, 2017a; Lopes, 2018). FRUITFLYRISKMANAGE (2017-A-236) aimed gather more partners exchanged their own location specific each country. Early implemented were analysed, data parameters allowed construction which identified probable supported focused involved research groups Austria, France, Germany, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain Ukraine. described Table 1. Note some than type trap field. Different Figure Comprehensive global able survive Occurrence reference needed factors driving seasonal dynamics guiding eradication (Szyniszewska Tatem, 2014). extensive literature search necessary obtain contemporary spatio-temporal globally before choosing presented work. One (SMD) select right dataset predictors sample size. three datasets chosen based several works, those carried abiotic tolerances Bodenheimer (1951), Vieira (1952), Liu (1995), Papadopoulos (1998), (2001) Powell (2003). orographic included, SMD works learning projection purposes. values air humidity relevant, Fick Hijmans (2017), temperature As start modelling Global Biodiversity Information Facility (http://www.gbif.org DOI https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.gdwmme) containing 104 199 occurrences Tephritidae used. After removing duplicates (points sharing coordinates) points ocean, 16 723 regarding family obtained, 1647 genera 587 modelling. addition, related build presented. program niche (Elith Leathwick, 2009; Hijmans, 2017; 2017b; Phillips Dudik, 2008). Maxent parameter configuration, we assumed prevalence value 0.5. best performance evaluation achieved two methods, qualitative another quantitative. visual examination made projections sampling QGIS. initial triage, true statistic skill (TSS; Allouche Shabani Three designed. downloading WorldClim2. However, WorldClim2 covariate holds water vapour pressure. value, when necessary, calculated formula set formulas, depending availability (for further details see 2017). 0.5 assumed, independent runs done regularization 1 10. First, did TSS. TSS (Allouche 2018) defined [1 – maximum(specificity + sensitivity)] sensitivity specificity probability threshold sum maximized. measurement followed suggestion (2006) regularly World production currently vulnerable appearance new pests, well increased incidence existing species, flies like cause significant may even make impossible certain regions high. likely worsen change increases these widening geographical distribution, aggravated recent years absence cold winter months leading increase causing damage/loss earlier extending season permanence affecting crops. Knowing time space indispensable effectively plan, evaluate area-wide integrated (Hendrichs 2007). ascertain (summaries provided 2). Present, restricted Establish Austria finding dates back 1930s, caught times last decade, e.g. 2012 2012a). Recent activities subsequently (of genus Bactrocera) started Vienna 2010 (Egartner 2019a, 2019b). Surveys extended 2016 onwards federal provinces definition up 36 sites monitor per year. 1186 adults, catches until 2018. majority trapped individuals (>99%) at Vienna. 2017 maximum Austria. Furthermore, collection suspicious Viennese emerged (in low numbers) incubated peaches, apricots pears. later comparable adults catches. So far collected indicate sometimes generation year Vienna, causes hardly economic occurs. Austrian ongoing international (see https://fruitflies-ipm.eu/). since 1885 isolated findings registered northern France (Ile-de-France region) 1950s, although cannot established there 2012b). 2011, Ile-de-France Yvelines department 2011 specimens Paris (Jardin Luxembourg) Val d'Oise (two sites; EPPO, found south-west along Atlantic coast inland. Currently, no national plan plan. mainland apples affected fruit, nectarines (late varieties). Corsica, plants main citrus endemic densities peaches. Trapping planned August September orchard production) presence. regions, producers carry trapping, centralized. Germany few occurred close vicinity markets. Established never built up. Conditions suitable overwintering 2022). peach, host, almost disappeared German orchards 1988). Hibernating adapted phenological characteristics they do lack Wide scale conducted 2015 2016. 2015, states river Rhine (Baden-Württemberg Rhineland-Palatinate) Berlin (federal Berlin, Brandenburg Saxony-Anhalt) Lower-Saxony Thuringia. total, 15 188 Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Lower-Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt extremely low, 29 Rhineland-Palatinate Saxony. Those single except location, 2018 2019, protection services conduct surveys appear Germany. Single might introduced frequently imported infested European possible apple-growing area state Lower Saxony there. Montenegro mandarin makes 85% 2000s (Radonjić Continuous 2002 after commercial (cultivar Unshiu). presence whole coastal following host plants: mandarin, orange, lemon, grapefruit, fig, persimmon, jujube peach 2013, gradually into areas, term Hrnčić, fact, detected away Montenegrin Podgorica city suburbs (2008, 2009, 2010) Skadar Lake, Crmnica (locality Godinje). around mid-August mid-November. 2009 beginning November persimmon recorded. mid-September fallen (variety Golden Delicious) Godinje. Montenegro. localities Budva Bigovo Idared) found. distinct patterns fluctuation and, generally, without activity spring summer. summer together decreasing December January could determining 2013–2014 warm winter, captured February backyards locality Kumbor (area Boka Kotor Bay). These findings, taken evidence area, assumption mild winters. belongs Bay, urban often unharvested mandarins orange remain canopy spring. somewhat higher rest surveyed areas. conclusion, influenced sequence October (mandarins, persimmons). responsible large taking account importance figs hosts will contribute Netherlands imports enhanced months. Since 1960, continuous structured insect throughout infestation. concluded organism present. Necessary prevent introduction 1987). Between 2006 survey catching 54 specimens. 2020, 28 locations selected (seasonal) adults' conducted. high-risk nine companies combine (greenhouse) cultivation, previous compost processing takes place, four vegetable market auction sites, harbours seven fruit-growing (apples, pears, cherries) located 2020 zero adults. Poland total 48 installed 43 territory five Voivodeships (districts west south-western Poland) trapped. programme Trzebnica (26 males). circumstances suggest Dolnosląskie voivodship supermarkets, warehouse municipal waste landfill (approximately 4 km away). Considering date growing season) adverse prevailing Polish winters, incidental establishment 2019 record place. No symptoms (pre-adult stages fruits) status officially declared as: absent, longer reasons eradication. tropical developed adaptation seasons Portugal 19th century. Algarve, country, round (DGAV, To study solve problem limit increasing size spread, regional strategy drawn Algarve Agriculture Directorate National Phytosanitary Authority General Veterinary (DGAV; DGAV, Madeira 1995. Madeira-Med International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) support. good example biotechnical medfly. operation Insect Biofactory (Madeira-Med programme) application sterile technique (SIT) On Azores Islands, (1951) Orlando (1980), 1829. 5 (2016–2021) table grapes islands. Climate creating multiply much faster. rain abnormal temperatures create eight Chemical proving less effective. monitoring, Terceira Island, INTERFRUTA II projects (https://keep.eu/projects/10803/Promotion-of-the-Culture-of-EN/) options developed, tests traps, dispersion sterilized males produced programme), identification parasitoids, list infestation rate determination. (2006, 2009) studied evaluated effect landscape elements distribution. They GIS tools. authors relationship between orchards, variations. (2014) elaborated studies, aggregation host-plant relationships, influence weather temperature, rainfall (soil humidity) life cycle insect's ability disperse. Azevedo (1996) topography Islands great conditions, microclimates, which, (2010) (2014), dispersion. Another project, CABMEDMAC (https://keep.eu/projects/2154/CabMedMac-EN/), relation target São Jorge (Pimentel 2017a). applied bio-technical through installation (attract kill) (SIT technique) Island More Cuarentagri (www.cuarentagri.com) islands archipelago (Terceira, Miguel). alert network islands, contributing sustainable decision-making process choice means fighting least impact limiting pesticide applications. Romania mention 2007, larvae observed Diospyros kaki experimental field south entry pathway planting material exotic trees brought China (Chireceanu 2013; Stanciu, period 2013–2017 performed within framework coordination (IAEA). continued (2017-F-236). Tephri tree houses institutions, botanical gardens fields spring, autumn ripening. 7 130 Adult medflies every small numbers (between six specimens/trap/site) placements (fruit backyards, fields) West, South South-Eastern end October. (Ziziphus jujuba) Bucharest monitored 2013 2019. Annual 202 flies. 86 (50 females) apple near supermarket selling especiall